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1277 Results
Background With long-term survival of people living with HIV (PLH) increased rates of age-related diseases have been observed. Persistent immune activation in PLH and age-related chronic inflammation are hypothesized to be drivers for the development of such diseases. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that forms in response to stimulation of pattern recognition receptors…
Background Non-Aids Defining Cancers (NADCs) are the main cause of morbidity and death from non-AIDS events (ENOS) in PLWH, whose death rate is higher than in the general population without HIV infection but who suffer from these same NADCs. However, the mechanisms that explain this are unknown. It has been suggested that exosomes derived from…
Background More than 95% of HIV-1 proviruses detected are defective but often associated with RNA transcripts during antiretroviral therapy (ART). These transcriptionally active defective proviruses may contribute to persistent immune activation seen in people with HIV (PWH) receiving ART. The distribution and persistence of these transcriptionally active defective proviruses has not been described. Methods 11…
Background A significant percentage of PWH who start or restart antiretroviral therapy (ART) with low CD4+ counts fail to mount a robust CD4+ T cell response despite suppressive ART (suboptimal immune responders, SoIRs). A correlation between the frequency of infected CD4+ T cells and low CD4+ counts on ART has been reported. However, these studies…
Background Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) fragments are released into the bloodstream following cell death, can activate the innate immune system, and have been associated with aging-related outcomes, including frailty, in the general population. Data on ccf-mtDNA levels during both acute and chronic phases of HIV infection remain limited. We hypothesized that HIV infection is…
Background Gamma-delta (gd) T cells are enriched in liver and barrier tissues compared to the peripheral blood and aid in the response to gut-derived antigens and tissue homeostasis. They are depleted from the blood during HIV infection, yet what happens to them and the importance of the effect are not well characterized. We hypothesized that…
Background It has been demonstrated that over 95% of provirus present in the peripheral blood of people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy are defective. Defective viruses have long been considered biologically irrelevant, as they cannot encode infectious viruses. However, recent studies have shown that these defective viruses are translationally active, raising potential concerns…
Background People with HIV (PWH) appear to be 2-4x more likely to develop long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 infection than people without HIV (PWOH). This is potentially linked to the heightened immune activation and inflammatory state typical of chronic HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Here, we evaluated whether the shifts in monocyte and T cell populations…
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls viral replication in people with HIV (PWH), but viral reservoirs (VR) persist and represent a cause for the occurrence of age-related comorbidities, e.g. cardiovascular disease (CVD). We demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA, a vitamin A derivative) increases HIV-1 outgrowth from VR and that microbiota components (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) promote ALDH…
Background HIV-1 Exceptional Elite Controllers (EEC) maintain undetectable viremia and halt disease progression more than 20 years after infection in the absence of treatment and may be considered as functionally cured. However, loss of control in these individuals is unknown. In this study we performed a detailed, longitudinal characterisation of the HIV-1 reservoir, viral evolution…