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1277 Results
Background Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for people with HIV (PWH) is very effective in suppressing HIV replication and preventing disease progression. However, even while on ART, NK cells remain dysfunctional. Although the exact mechanism of this dysfunction is unknown, there is evidence of increased platelet-immune cell complex formation in PWH. These complexes alter immune cell functions,…
Background Despite the efficacy of contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, some people with HIV (PWH) experience persistent low-level viremia (pLLV). pLLV risk factors include poor ART adherence, high viral loads (VLs) pre-ART, and co-infection. Importantly, HIV and malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection, are geographically co-endemic and both pathogens persist in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However,…
Background Despite suppressive ART, residual inflammation persists in people with HIV (PWH), thus driving higher risk of SNAEs and mortality. Circulating HIV proteins have been detected in some suppressed PWH, as an expression of the persistence of translation-competent proviruses. We therefore seek to investigate whether peripheral inflammation and mortality risk are associated with production of p24 in…
Background A significant percentage of PWH who start or restart antiretroviral therapy (ART) with low CD4+ counts fail to mount a robust CD4+ T cell response despite suppressive ART (suboptimal immune responders, SoIRs). A correlation between the frequency of infected CD4+ T cells and low CD4+ counts on ART has been reported. However, these studies…
Background Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) fragments are released into the bloodstream following cell death, can activate the innate immune system, and have been associated with aging-related outcomes, including frailty, in the general population. Data on ccf-mtDNA levels during both acute and chronic phases of HIV infection remain limited. We hypothesized that HIV infection is…
Background Gamma-delta (gd) T cells are enriched in liver and barrier tissues compared to the peripheral blood and aid in the response to gut-derived antigens and tissue homeostasis. They are depleted from the blood during HIV infection, yet what happens to them and the importance of the effect are not well characterized. We hypothesized that…
Background It has been demonstrated that over 95% of provirus present in the peripheral blood of people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy are defective. Defective viruses have long been considered biologically irrelevant, as they cannot encode infectious viruses. However, recent studies have shown that these defective viruses are translationally active, raising potential concerns…
Background People with HIV (PWH) appear to be 2-4x more likely to develop long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 infection than people without HIV (PWOH). This is potentially linked to the heightened immune activation and inflammatory state typical of chronic HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Here, we evaluated whether the shifts in monocyte and T cell populations…
Background Variants in the extracellular Ig-like domain of the CD101 gene are associated with increased HIV acquisition risk, but the biological mechanism is unknown. CD101 inhibits T cell activation and is mostly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CD101 regulates inflammatory homeostasis in immune cells. We also explored…
Background As the number of COVID-19 survivors amongst the global population continues to rise, the rates of chronic sequelae after recovery known as post-acute sequalae of COVID19 (PASC), have increased, emerging as a significant public health concern. Studies have shown that excessive monocyte activation is involved in the development of a cytokine storm and subsequent…