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1277 Results
Background Transgender women (TGW) have historically been grouped with cisgender men who have sex with men (CGMSM) in HIV prevention research. However, the effects of feminizing hormone therapy (FHT) on the rectal mucosal immune environment, a primary site of HIV exposure, remain insufficiently understood. Methods In Bangkok, Thailand, 100 TGW taking FHT for >6 months…
Background Achieving an understanding of T-cell dynamics and distribution of proviral DNA within T cell subsets is of critical importance in achieving a better understanding of the relationships between effector memory, central memory and naïve CD4 cell subsets. In this study, we investigated the relationships between these subsets utilizing the natural “barcoding” provided by replication-incompetent…
Background X4-tropic viruses typically emerge in the late clinical stages of HIV, when the immune system is significantly impaired. As few as two amino acids changes can convert an R5-Tropic virus to an X4-Tropic virus. HIV has an error-prone reverse transcriptase and in the absence of therapy, spontaneous emergence of X4 tropic viruses is expected…
Background Plasma viral loads (VL) in persons with HIV (PWH) taking antiretroviral therapy are generally below the limit of quantification. However, commercial PCR tests differentiate between unquantifiable low, but detectable VL (<40 c/ml, residual viremia, RV) and Target Not Detected (TND). Whether RV drives or is driven by systemic immune activation remains debated. Large studies…
Background Elevated levels of IL-10 and PD1 contribute to HIV reservoir persistence, an impediment for HIV eradication. IL-10 contributes to the lack of effector function, antigen-presentation and promotes HIV reservoir survival. PD-1 expression is associated with T cell exhaustion and HIV latency. We hypothesized that the dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 could synergize and…
Background Increased immune activation during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV (PWH). Mechanisms of elevated inflammation are uncertain but may include expression from HIV proviruses or dysregulated immune responses. Immune activation is often associated with increased metabolic activity in lymphoid organs, and can be detected non-invasively by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose…
Background The US is experiencing a major drug epidemic that is attributed in large part to synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. We previously reported that fentanyl enhanced the replication of several viruses including HIV. Here, we considered how fentanyl use impacted inflammatory markers in persons living with HIV. Methods Whole blood was collected from adults…
Background In Mali, the HIV cascade is 59-53-unknown. People in artisanal small-scale gold mining zones (ASGMZ) are highly exposed to HIV and represent a potential “bridge” for infectious diseases including HIV. We aimed to assess the effects of proximity community-based HIV services on access, retention in care and health. Methods The ANRS-12392/Sanu Gundo non-randomized interventional…
Background With successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), while peripheral CD4+ T cells may reconstitute in most people with HIV (PWH), CD8+ T cells often remain elevated. The resulting inversion of CD4:CD8 ratio (<1) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes including non-AIDS malignancies and cardiovascular disease. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) endures significant CD4+ T cell depletion…
Background FSW like other KVP have limited access to health services due to stigma and discrimination, increasing their vulnerability for HIV and other infections. There is evidence for community interventions to improve access to HIV services and linkage to care. Amref through Global Fund Support implemented a community peer model intervention among FSWs in nine…