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1277 Results
Background Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic parasite, poses risks for people with HIV (PWH). Although its clinical impact is minimal in immunocompetent hosts, U.S. seroprevalence studies show a 20-30% infection rate. The parasite forms bradyzoites in brain and muscle tissue that can reactivate when CD4+ T cell counts drop in PWH, leading to severe disease. Additionally,…
Background Understanding the prevalence, risk factors, and barriers to treatment of syphilis in pregnant women is essential to inform the prevention of vertical transmission. Methods Within a clinical trial of PrEP promotion interventions, we enrolled 750 HIV-negative pregnant women aged >16 years and used medical records to examine syphilis testing and treatment. We report the…
Background Optimizing rifapentine (RPT) dosing is critical for improving tuberculosis (TB) treatment response. Study 31/A5349 (NCT02410772) compared two 4-month RPT-containing regimens — one with and one without moxifloxacin (MFX) — to the standard 6-month regimen. A key determinant of unfavorable TB outcomes in this trial was RPT exposure, with large interindividual variability. We hypothesized that…
Background The prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) is increasing globally, including in settings where HIV is prevalent. GDM is associated with pregnancy loss and large-for-gestational age (LGA) deliveries but there are no data on whether these associations are altered by maternal HIV and/or antiretroviral therapy. Methods The ORCHID study enrolled pregnant women with HIV (WLH)…
Background Tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a critical intervention to eliminate tuberculosis. Rifampin TPT is critical to this goal, given high completion rates, short treatment lengths, and low side-effects. However, rifampin treatment has limitations by drug-drug interactions (DDI) with multiple medications Methods A post-hoc data analysis…
Background Despite increased availability to antiretroviral therapy, up to 5% of people living with HIV (PLH) still transmit HIV-1 to the infant. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are the immunologic goal of HIV-1 vaccine candidates; however, in postnatal cohorts, we have reported the presence of bNAbs targeting a single epitope, which contributes to viral escape. We…
Background Tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) is a key intervention for tuberculosis (TB) elimination. The introduction of long acting (LA) TPT has the potential to enhance adherence, minimize treatment interruptions, improve completion rates, and extend protection against tuberculosis. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional in-person survey among patients in two high-burden TB countries to evaluate preferences, and concerns…
Background HLA is the most polymorphic region in the human genome, as the differential HLA-dependent impact of certain infections, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases and cancers drive its evolution. However, clear examples of infection-driven evolution are rare. Here, we investigated antenatal cohorts in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, the region most severely affected by the global HIV…
Background The high tuberculosis (TB) burden in Nigeria, particularly in hard-to-reach and underserved areas, has called for innovative approaches to enhance case-finding. The portable digital X-ray (PDX) machines offer an opportunity to improve TB detection in regions with limited resources and access to more complex diagnostic tools. This paper presents the effectiveness of PDX machines in TB case-finding…
Background Mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (myco-IRIS) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) associated diseases (KAD) remain common in people with advanced HIV in resource-constrained settings. These syndromes can be difficult to differentiate clinically, and optimal treatments remain unknown, highlighting the importance of determining their pathogenesis. We have previously shown greater IFNγ production in myco-IRIS whereas IL18…